《语法讲义三+老师.docVIP

讲义三 根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，一般情况下，一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。 1. 主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。如： The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) 除了名词和代词，还有不定式，动名词，从句可作主语。 To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。) What has caught our attention is that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.（值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化） 动词不定式或动名词或主语从句做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词，主语从句移至表语或宾语之后。如： It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.（值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化） 2. 谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。如： He traveled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) 谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息. I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) He can’t have finished reading the 800long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。) 3. 表语：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、介词短语,副词或句子充当，位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。如： 如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) He looks very angry. 他看上去很生气。 His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊。 The people on the bus are singing.公共汽车上的人正在唱歌。 The boy in front of the desk is Bill.书桌前的那个男孩是比尔。 Whats on this evening?(副词)今晚上演什么节目 His uncle had been away from home for nearly ten years,(他叔叔离家将近十年了) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem)之后 表语也可以由从句充当 What we are concerned about is that to what extent tests are harmful to students creativity.(表语从句)。我们所担心的事考试到何种程度会破坏学生的创造力。 4. 宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。如： He wrote many plays. 他写了许多剧本。 She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。 除了名词、代词可以作宾语，不定式、动名词、名