脊髓灰质炎Poliomyelitis儿科教研室幻灯片.pptVIP

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  • 2017-01-17 发布于河南
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脊髓灰质炎Poliomyelitis儿科教研室幻灯片.ppt

目的要求 熟悉本病病因、流行病学及发病机制 掌握本病的典型临床经过和诊断 熟悉本病的鉴别诊断 掌握本病不同病期的治疗及本病的预防措施 概述(overview) 病变主要在脊髓灰质,表现为弛缓性肌肉麻痹,可留下瘫痪后遗症(The pathologic lesions of poliomyelitis occurs chiefly in the gray matter of spinal cord.The main clinical feature is flaccid paralysis. Sequelae of paralysis may be left over)。    AFP(acute flaccid paralysis)       急性弛缓性麻痹 AFP定义:指临床表现为急性起病,以肢体运动障碍为主,并伴有肌肉弛缓性麻痹(软瘫)的一组疾病。 AFP病例:任何15岁以下出现急性软瘫的儿童。  脊髓灰质炎病毒属肠道病毒(Poliovirus is an enterovirus, a small RNA virus that affects the central nervous system.)    病因(ETIOLOGY) 按抗原性分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,各型间很少交叉免疫,以Ⅰ型病毒最易致瘫(There are three antigenically distinct serotypes of poliovirus, type 1,2,and 3,less cross-immunization.Most paralytic disease is caused by type 1.). 发病机制(PATHOGENESIS) 病毒   口或上呼吸道    肠道粘膜上皮细胞    局部淋巴组织        咽分泌物及粪便排病毒        免疫力强 隐性感染covert infection     血液:第一次病毒血症  潜伏期   病理(pathology) 病变主要在中枢神经系统,以脊髓受累最多见,并以颈段与腰段脊髓前角运动细胞受损最严重。其次是脑干及中枢神经系统其他部位。 (Lesions occur chiefly in central nervous system , particularly in spinal cord , where destruction of anterior horn motor cells of cervical and waist segments is most serious, in the next place ,in brainstem and the rest part of central nervous system) . 一般5-14天,可3-35 天 (It usually lasts 5-14 days,range:3-35 days) 无临床表现(no symptom) 前驱期(prodromal stage) 多持续1-4天 (usually lasts 1-4 days) 病毒血症的症状(fever,asthenia,malaise and so on) 上呼吸道症状(cough,rhinorrhea,sore throat and so on) 前驱期(prodromal stage) 消化道症状(anorexia,nausea,vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and so on)  若经1-4天后热退,症状消失,疾病终止称顿挫型。 双峰热(double peaked fever)  中枢神经系统感染的表现(symptoms of central nervous system infection: severe headache,vomiting,the presence of signs of meningeal irritation) 瘫痪前期 (preparalytic stage) 感觉过敏,颈、背、四肢肌肉强直疼痛(hyperesthesia,soreness and stiffness of the posterior muscles of the neck,trunk,and limbs) 三角架征(tripod sign) 吻膝试验阳性(kiss-the knee test) 头下垂征(head drop sign) 自主神经功能紊乱(dysfunction of autonomic nerve) 根据病变部位,可分4型: 脊髓型(spinal form) 延髓型(bulbar form)

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