structural adjustmentand reformin developing countries（结构性adjustmentand reformin发展中国家）（23页）.docVIP

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structural adjustmentand reformin developing countries（结构性adjustmentand reformin发展中国家）（23页）.doc

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Structural Adjustment and Reform in Developing Countries (Paper presented at the Conference sponsored by G-24 on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Bretton Woods Conference at Cartagena, Columbia, April 1994) Montek S Ahluwalia* The past ten years have seen a remarkable convergence of views among all segments of the development community - policy makers, academics and the major multilateral institutions - on what policies are good for development. The convergence is reflected in the near universal trend towards trade liberalization and greater openness to foreign investment, greater reliance upon market forces in both the real and financial sectors, reduction in the role of the public sector in favour of the private sector, all underpinned by a sustained pursuit of macro-economic stability through low fiscal deficits. These are the common ingredients of programmes of structural adjustment and economic reform being implemented all over the developing world. 2. Impressive though the convergence is, it is not quite the consensus which is sometimes claimed. There are variations across countries in the intensity with which different elements are pursued, and there are unsettled issues about the optimal pace and sequencing of reforms. The experience with reforms in several countries has also created greater awareness of some of the problems that may arise in the course of implementation and these have implications for the design of reform programmmes. This paper attempts to define the areas of consensus and identify some of the issues which remain unsettled and controversial. I. Factors Underlying The Convergence 3. It is useful to begin with a brief review of how the convergence on policy came about. Several factors were at work affecting each of the constituents of the development community, and these have obviously interacted with each other, making it difficult to disentangle their separate contributions. 1) The Retreat From Structuralism 4. The conve