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EVALUATION OF BOVINE TEAT CONDITION IN COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS: 1. NON-INFECTIOUS FACTORS G.A.Mein1, F.Neijenhuis3, W.F.Morgan1, D.J.Reinemann5, J.E.Hillerton4, J.R.Baines4, I.Ohnstad4, M.D.Rasmussen2, L.Timms5, J.S.Britt5, R.Farnsworth5, N. Cook5 T. Hemling5. “Teat Club International”, c/o F. Neijenhuis, Research Institute for Animal Husbandry Lelystad, The Netherlands. email: f.neijenhuis@pv.agro.nl Co-authors from: Australia1, Denmark2, The Netherlands3, UK4, USA5 ABSTRACT Classification of bovine teat condition can be used to assess the effects of milking management, milking equipment or environment on teat tissue and the risk of new intramammary infections. Veterinarians and others require a simple and reliable method for evaluating teat health in dairy herds. A protocol for systematic evaluation of teat condition in commercial herds is proposed. Guidelines for interpretation of observations are given. The relative influence of non-infectious factors affecting short-, medium- or longer-term changes in teat condition are reviewed briefly and discussed. The main short-term (single milking) effects include changes in color, swelling and firmness of the teat-end and barrel, and the degree of openness of the external teat orifice. The main medium-term effects (requiring a few days or weeks) include changes in teat skin condition and incidence of petechial haemorrhages. Changes in teat-end hyperkeratosis appear to be longer-term effects (typically 2-8 weeks) in the absence of unusually harsh weather conditions. Very long-term effects (typically occurring over a few or many months) such as changes in size, tissue fibrosis and thickness of teats, are not discussed in this paper. INTRODUCTION Maintenance of healthy teat skin and teat-ends is a key part of any effective mastitis program. Changes to teat tissue, particularly the skin of the barrel, teat-end, and teat canal, alter the risk of new mastitis infections (7,11,26), sub-clinical mastiti