ShortVersion21.GausssLaw短版21.高斯定律-ckw.ppt

21.6. Gauss’s Law Conductors 高斯定律和導體 Electrostatic Equilibrium 靜電平衡 Conductor = material with free charges 導體 = 有自由電荷的物質 E.g., free electrons in metals. 例：金屬的自由電子。 External E ? Polarization 外加 E ? 偏極 ? Internal E ? 內 E Total E = 0 : Electrostatic equilibrium 總 E = 0 ：靜電平衡 ( All charges stationary ) (所有電荷都不動) Microscopic view: replace above with averaged values. 微觀：上述各量以平均值代替。 Neutral conductor 中性導體 Uniform field 均勻場 Induced polarization cancels field inside 誘發偏極抵消了內部的場 Net field淨場 Charged Conductors 帶電導體 Excess charges in conductor tend to keep away from each other 導體內的多餘電荷喜歡彼此保持距離。 ? they stay at the surface. 它們都留在導體表面。 More rigorously 嚴格來說 : Gauss’ law with E = 0 inside conductor 高斯定律加起導體內 E = 0 ? qenclosed = 0 For a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium, all charges are on the surface. 靜電平衡下的導體中，全部的電荷都在表面。 ? = 0 thru this surface 通過此面的 ? = 0 Example 21.7. A Hollow Conductor 空心導體 An irregularly shaped conductor has a hollow cavity. 一個不規則形狀的導體內有一空洞。 The conductor itself carries a net charge of 1 ?C, and there’s a 2 ?C point charge inside the cavity. 導體本身帶有 1 ?C 淨電荷，而空洞內則有一 2 ?C點電荷。 Find the net charge on the cavity wall on the outer surface of the conductor, assuming electrostatic equilibrium. 求在定靜電平衡下，洞壁及導體外部表面上的淨電荷。 E = 0 inside conductor 導體內E = 0 ? = 0 through dotted surface 穿過虛線面的? = 0 qenclosed = 0 Net charge on the cavity wall 洞壁上的淨電荷 qin = ?2 ?C Net charge in conductor 導體的淨電荷 = 1 ?C = qout + qin charge on outer surface of the conductor 導體外部表面上的淨電荷為 qout = +3 ?C qout +2?C qin Experimental Tests of Gauss’ Law高斯定律的實驗証明 Measuring charge on ball is equivalent to testing the inverse square law. 量球上的電荷相當於測試反平方定律。 The exponent 2 was found to be accurate to 10?16 . 結果是指數 2 準確到 10?16 . 帶電 不帶電 電荷跑到外面… … 球變成不帶電 Field at a Conductor Surface 導體表面的場 At static equilibrium 在定靜電平衡下， 導體內 E = 0 inside conductor, 導體表面 E = E? at surface of conductor. Gauss’ law