introduction- pirate panel（介绍——海盗面板）.docVIP

Dry Sieve Analysis for Sands and Gravels (excerpted, with minor modifications, from USGS Open-File Rpt 000-358; /of/2000/of00-358/text/chapter1.htm) Introduction Grain size is a powerful tool for describing a site’s geomorphic setting, interpreting the geomorphic significance of fluid dynamics in the natural environment, and distinguishing local versus regional sediment transport mechanisms. Grain size is also a dominant controlling factor in sediment geochemistry. Cations derived from mineral weathering and pollution sources are preferentially adsorbed onto clay, which has the highest surface area to volume ratio of any particle size class. The grain size distribution of a sediment sample is determined by any one of a number of techniques or combination of techniques, depending on the range of sizes present in a sample. For this procedure, “fines” are any particle smaller than 63.5 microns. Sand is 63.5 microns to 2 mm in diameter. Gravel is larger than 2 mm. Theory Sieving efficiency increases with reduction in load (i.e. smaller sample size) and the maximum sieve load diminishes with mesh size, but it is the quantity of finer near-mesh size particles that actually determines sieving efficiency (Royse, 1970). Twenhofel and Tyler (1941) recommended 40 g of sandy sediment as the maximum load for 8-inch diameter sieves. When selecting a procedure, it is important to remember that sieves sort material not only according to size, but also according to the shape and roundness of the particles (Sahu, 1965; Kennedy and others, 1985). Procedures Separating sizes in samples that are predominantly gravel and sand As collected, your sample is a mixture of gravel, sand, silt, and mud. You must first separate the fine fraction from the sand and gravel fractions. First determine if you sample has fines. If you determine that your sample has less than a few percent of, you should not dry sieve. Follow the pipetting procedures instead. If you sa