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Bioremediation Natalie L. Capiro October 21, 2003 What is Bioremediation?? Using subsurface microorganisms to transform hazardous contaminants into relatively harmless byproducts, such as ethene and water Biodegrade Mineralize Biotransform Techniques or types of bioremediation: A component of Natural Attenuation Enhanced Bioremediation Bioaugmentation Bioremediation Background Natural Attenuation is Not fast enough, Not complete enough, Not frequently occurring enough to be broadly used for some compounds, especially chlorinated solvents The current trend is to stimulate/enhance a site’s indigenous subsurface microorganisms by the addition of nutrients and electron donor In some cases, bioaugmentation is necessary when metabolic capabilities are not naturally present. Historical Perspective ~1900 Advent of biological processes to treat organics derived from human or animal wastes (and the sludges produced) ~1950 Approaches to extend wastewater treatment to industrial wastes ~1960 Investigations into the bioremediation of synthetic chemicals in wastewaters ~1970 Application in hydrocarbon contamination such as oil spills and petroleum in groundwater ~1980 Investigations of bioremediation applications for substituted organics ~1990 Natural Attenuation of ’70 and ’90, and the development of barrier approaches ~2000 High-rate in situ bioremediation; source zone reduction; bioaugmentation Soil and Subsurface Contaminants Benzene and related fuel components (BTEX) Pyrene and other polynuclear aromatics Chlorinated aromatics and solvents Herbicides and pesticides Nitroaromatic explosives and plasticizers Sources of Contamination Industrial spills and leaks Surface impoundments Storage tanks and pipes Landfills Burial areas and dumps Injection wells Current Water Issues Associated with Gasoline Use Widespread contamination Major treat to drinking water resources Components of fuels are known carcinogens Current fuel oxygenate, MTBE, very mobile and not very degradable