ppt课件-cost-benefitanalysis-cega.pptVIP

* Discounting example Project costs and benefits over time At 10% discount rate: PV costs = -137.79 PV benefits = 132.18 Net PV = -5.61 * Cost-effectiveness analysis What outcomes or impact do you get for each dollar’s worth of program expenditure? The number of HIV cases averted. The number of young people employed. The number of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) saved. Can be used to compare alternative methods of achieving a specific objective. Cost-effectiveness analysis Natural units of output/impact Lives saved Vaccinated children Trained teenagers Composite units of impact QUALYs and DALYs Useful to compare with other interventions Useful to aggregate different outcomes * * Cost-effectiveness example (Knowles and Behrman 2005, Table 11) * Cost benefit example De-worming in rural primary schools in Kenya. Randomized the timing of the introduction of de-worming treatment across 75 schools. The treatment significantly reduced disease prevalence, and increased school attendance by about seven percent. The study estimated discounted lifetime benefits over US$30 per treated child, primarily from gains in lifetime income. Benefits are more than 60 times greater than costs, based on an estimated cost of US$0.49 per treated pupil. (Miguel and Kremer 2004) * Efficiency within a program: technical efficiency analysis The Public Sector… Firms are not profit-maximizing Firms may not be cost-minimizing Firms produce more than one output Aggregation, valuing outputs Jointness in production, economies of scope Firms may not know how much demand there is for their services Production Function and Allocative Efficiency X Y X1 Y1 Y2 Benefit Investment Intervention 1 Intervention 2 Allocative Efficiency Cost-effectiveness analyses typically assume: Results are reproducible in different contexts and scales Interventions are implemented at their efficiency frontier A “cost-effective” intervention can become very “cost-ineffective” if implemented inefficiently X Y X1