ppt课件-orthogonallinearcontrasts.pptVIP

To test each parameter separately then We might use the following test: then is chosen so that the probability of a Type I errorof each test is a. To perform an overall test H0: q1 = 0, q2= 0 against HA: q1 ≠ 0 or q2 ≠ 0 we might use the test is chosen so that the probability of a Type I error is a. Post-hoc Tests Multiple Comparison Tests Post-hoc Tests Multiple Comparison Tests Suppose we have p means An F-test has revealed that there are significant differences amongst the p means We want to perform an analysis to determine precisely where the differences exist. Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test Let Tukeys Critical Differences Two means are declared significant if they differ by more than this amount. denote the standard error of each = the tabled value for Tukey’s studentized range p = no. of means, n = df for Error Scheffe’s Multiple Comparison Test Scheffes Critical Differences (for Linear contrasts) A linear contrast is declared significant if it exceeds this amount. = the tabled value for F distribution (p -1 = df for comparing p means, n = df for Error) Scheffes Critical Differences (for comparing two means) Two means are declared significant if they differ by more than this amount. Underlined groups have no significant differences There are many multiple (post hoc) comparison procedures Tukey’s Scheffe’, Duncan’s Multiple Range Neumann-Keuls etc Considerable controversy: “I have not included the multiple comparison methods of D.B. Duncan because I have been unable to understand their justification” H. Scheffe, Analysis of Variance Orthogonal Linear Contrasts This is a technique for partitioning ANOVA sum of squares into individual degrees of freedom Definition Let x1, x2, ... , xp denote p numerical quantities computed from the data. These could be statistics or the raw observations. A linear combination of x1, x2, ... , xp is defined to be a quantity ,L ,computed in the following manner: L = c1x1+ c2x2+ ... + cpxp where the coefficien