SedimentaryMinerals.pptVIP

* * * * Sedimentary Minerals We will focus on some minerals which form from precipitation of dissolved ions ? other minerals in sedimentary rocks are derived from the source rocks! Clay, carbonate, and sulfate groups are key in sedimentary rocks – can ‘be’ the rock or cement fragments together! SiO44-, CO32-, SO42- anionic groups, respectively Also consider halides (anion is Cl- or F-) and mineralization of silica Clay building blocks Kaolinite micelles attached with H bonds – many H bonds aggregately strong, do not expend or swell 1:1 Clay Clay building blocks 2:1 Clay Slightly different way to deal with charge on the octahedral layer – put an opposite tetrahedral sheet on it… Now, how can we put these building blocks together… Cement Mixture of lime (CaO – made by roasting calcite) and silicates made by sintering limestone and clay (at 1450°C) Ancient cement was just CaO – mixed with water to form portlandite (Ca(OH)2), which then slowly reacted with CO2 to reform calcite Modern cement is mixed with water, form several Ca-Si phases that are more durable and don’t shrink as much Carbonate Minerals Mg Fe Ca Calcite, CaCO3 Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Ankerite CaFe(CO3)2 Siderite, FeCO3 Magnesite, MgCO3 Calcite Group Variety of minerals varying by cation Ca ? Calcite Fe ? Siderite Mn ? Rhodochrosite Zn ? Smithsonite Mg ? Magnesite Dolomite Group Similar structure to calcite, but Ca ions are in alternating layers from Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn Ca(Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn)(CO3)2 Ca ? Dolomite Fe ? Ankerite Mn ? Kutnahorite Aragonite Group Polymorph of calcite, but the structure can incorporate some other, larger, metals more easily (Pb, Ba, Sr) Ca ? Aragonite Pb ? cerrusite Sr ? Strontianite Ba ? Witherite Aragonite LESS stable than calcite, but common in biological material (shells….) Calcite vs. Dolomite dolomite less reactive with HCl calcite, has lower indices of refraction dolomite more commonly euhedral and twinned calcite commonly colorless dolomite may be cloudy or stained by iron oxide