4- penn state mechanical engineering（4 -宾夕法尼亚州立大学机械工程）（47页）.docVIP

Chapter 5 Diffusion in Solids 5.1 Diffusion in Nuclear Processes 1 5.2. Macroscopic View of Diffusion 2 Species Conservation 2 Fick’s Laws 3 5.3 Useful Mathematical Solutions 4 Constant-Source Method 4 Instantaneous Source Method 7 Diffusion in Finite Solids 7 Fission Gas Release from Nuclear Fuel 9 5.4. Atomic Mechanisms of Diffusion in Solids 10 The Einstein Equation 15 The Vacancy Mechanism in Metals 17 5.5. Types of Diffusion Coefficients 19 Relations between the Types of Diffusion Coefficients 20 5.6. Diffusion in Ionic Crystals 21 The NaCl-type Structure with Schottky Defects 22 5.7. Diffusion in the Fluorite Structure of UO2 24 Oxygen Diffusion 24 Uranium Diffusion 27 Uranium Self-Diffusion in UO2 28 Interdiffusion in Mixed Ionic Solids with the Fluorite Structure 32 5.8. Thermal Diffusion 35 Appendix 5A Dimensionless Variables and the Similarity Transformation Solution to Eq s (5.4) – (5.7) 38 Appendix 5B Laplace Transform Solution to Eqs (5.16) – (5.18) 40 Problems 42 References 46 5.1 Diffusion in Nuclear Processes First, we should ask, what is the meaning of the term diffusion in the solid state? In its most general sense, it is the movement of foreign, or impurity atoms (generally referred to as solute species) with respect to the atoms of the host crystal*. The flow of solute atoms is called a flux, although strictly speaking, it is a current. In either terminology, it represents the number of atoms that pass a plane of unit area per unit time. The flux of solute atoms is driven by some nonuniformity or gradient, generically referred to as a force. The most common driving force is a nonuniformity of the concentration of the solute atoms, or a concentration gradient. Other forces can result in movement of solute atoms relative to the host crystal. These include a temperature gradient and an electric field gradient. We concentrate almost exclusively on diffusion generated by a concentration gradient, referred to as ordinary, or molecula