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Tectonics and Erosion/Weathering produce vastly different landforms and rock types Mineral: Naturally occurring Inorganic Solid Physical and chemical characteristics that can either be fixed, or can vary within certain limits Crystalline internal structure Rock: Aggregates of one or more minerals Rocks Igneous – form from cooling magma Metamorphic – rocks that have changed due to high heat and pressure Sedimentary – form from the weathering, transportation, deposition and lithification of any rock type. Igneous: Extrusive – Form at or near the surface Very fast cooling Very small crystals Intrusive – Form deep within the crust Very slow cooling Large crystals (can see with eye) (Plutonic) Metamorphic: Change in mineral composition and/or texture occurring in the solid state, at high temperatures and pressures (Rocks originally composed of several minerals) Foliated – minerals recrystallize along bands Ex: gneiss, schist, slate (Rocks originally composed of one dominant mineral) Non-foliated – minerals recrystallize into larger crystals Ex: marble, quartzite Types of Metamorphism Cataclastic Metamorphism – mechanical deformation with little chemical alteration. Mineral grains crushed and pulverized. High Pressures. Contact Metamorphism – high temperatures around a magma body, alters country rock Burial Metamorphism – deep burial over a large area produces low grade metamorphism with little change in texture. Regional Metamorphism – large chemical and mechanical alteration, subduction zones under continents and continental collision zones. Sediments: solid material in suspension, or being transported, or having been transported from its origin by air, water, or ice, and having come to rest on earth’s surface. Sediments chemically or biologically precipitated from water are derived from materials transported in solution. Sedimentary rocks: hardened products of past accumulations of sediments. Clastic – composed of rock fragment