b h u t a n e n v i r o n m e n t o u t l o o k2012- india, south asia（b h t u n e n v i r o n m e n t o u l o o k2012——印度、南亚）（121页）.docVIP

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b h u t a n e n v i r o n m e n t o u t l o o k2012- india, south asia（b h t u n e n v i r o n m e n t o u l o o k2012——印度、南亚）（121页）.doc

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BHUTAN ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK 2012 (Zero Draft working file for Discussion only) Bhutan Environment Outlook 2012 Copyright ? NEC 2013 National Environment Commission Secretariat Royal Government of Bhutan Post Box 466 Thimphu Report Design and Layout: Acknowledgements Table of Contents Table of Contents BACKGROUND TO THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK REPORT 12 Introduction 12 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORTING 14 Context and Process 14 Methodology 16 Bhutan Environment Outlook 2013: Conceptual Framework 18 Drivers 18 Pressures 18 StateandTrends 19 Impacts 19 Responses 20 PART 1: PEOPLE, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 21 Chapter 1: Environment and Economic Development 22 Topography, Geology, and Soil 22 Climate 22 Socio-economy 23 Demography 23 Health Services and Infrastructure 25 Poverty 26 Urbanization 26 Migration 27 Millennium Development Goals 28 Economic Development 29 Agriculture 30 Energy 32 Transport 33 Industries 33 Tourism 34 PART 2: STATE AND TRENDS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS 36 2. Land Environment 37 Drivers 37 Socio-economic Development 37 Population Growth 37 Pressure on Land Environment 37 Unsustainable Agriculture 38 Conversion of Agricultural and Forest land 38 Mining 40 Infrastructure Development 40 Livestock Rearing and Grazing 41 Forest Harvesting 42 Forest Fire 43 Solid Waste Generation and Disposal 46 State 47 Land Environment 47 Degraded Land 49 Solid waste 50 Impact 50 Responses 51 Reforestation 51 Community Forestation 52 Sustainable Forest Management 53 Forest Fire Volunteer 54 National Forest Inventory (NFI) 54 Sustainable Land Management Interventions 54 Solid Waste Management 55 Environment Friendly Road Construction (EFRC) 56 3. Water Environment 58 Driver 59 Population Growth 59 Economic and Social Development 59 Climate Change 59 Pressure 59 Increase in Water Consumption and Demand 59 Solid Waste Generation and Disposal 63 Challenges of Water Supply and Management 63 Encroachment of Watershed Area 63 Increased Runoff from