para1- cengage learning- education（虽然这些- cengage学习教育）（15页）.docVIP

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para1- cengage learning- education（虽然这些- cengage学习教育）（15页）.doc

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CHAPTER 18 Becoming an Urban Society, 1880-1890 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Analyze the development of urban America and discuss the challenges faced by city dwellers and how they dealt with these obstacles. 2. Explain why immigrants were attracted to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Discuss what these newcomers found when they arrived and whether or not they assimilated successfully. 3. Explain the term New South and what it meant to the residents of the South. 4. Explain how the stalemate that deadlocked politics from 1874 into the 1890s constrained both parties from enacting their proposals. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Expansion of the Industrial Economy A. Standard Oil: Model for Monopoly 1. John D. Rockefeller created a monopoly in petroleum refining. a) He relied on horizontal integration, absorbing most of his competitors. b) He used the device of the trust to circumvent restrictions on one company’s owning of the stock of other companies. c) Standard Oil Trust became a holding company, once New Jersey law permitted a company to own the stock of other companies. 2. Standard Oil then turned to vertical integration. a) The combination of horizontal and vertical integration led to a near monopoly of the entire oil industry. b) New companies later broke the monopoly when oil was discovered in Texas and elsewhere. B. Thomas Edison and the Power of Innovation 1. Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs believed advances in technology would give them a competitive edge. a) A host of new inventions resulted, many relying on electricity. b) Thomas A. Edison was the foremost electrical inventor; the giant electrical industry was a consequence of his inventions. C. Selling to the Nation 1. The new, large companies turned to advertising. a) It was a major way to compete, since products were so similar in content and price. b) Trademarks and other logos appeared. 2. New sales methods emerg