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Chapter 2 Energy flow and nutrient cycles support life in ecosystems. Section 2.1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems Cloze activity Energy flow Page 16 1. biomass 2. energy flow 3. photosynthesis 4. consumer 5. decomposition 6. biodegradation 7. decomposers 8. food chains; trophic 9. primary producers 10. primary consumers; secondary consumers 11. tertiary consumers 12. food webs; food pyramids Interpreting Illustrations Food chains, food webs, and food pyramids Page 17 1. bunchgrass, algae 2 MHR ? Workbook Answers ? 2008 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 2. third trophic level 3. secondary consumers 4. primary consumer 5. secondary or tertiary consumer 6. earthworms, beetles, small insects, bacteria, fungi 7. a model that shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to another 8. producers, such as plants 9. carnivores, such as great horned owls Illustrating Concepts Modelling a local ecosystem Page 19 1. Student should include 12 organisms and cover all four trophic levels. 2. Food chain: student should include four trophic levels: primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. 3. Food web: student should include interconnecting arrows between various organisms to demonstrate the feeding relationships. 4. Food pyramid: student should show a series of boxes decreasing in size from bottom to top. The pyramid should include producers, herbivores, carnivores, and top carnivores. Energy flow in ecosystems Page 20 1. C 2. F 3. H 4. A 5. E 6. G 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. D Section 2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems Comprehension Nutrient cycles Page 24 1. Nutrients are stored in Earth’s atmosphere, oceans,and land masses. 2. Biotic processes, such as decomposition, and abiotic processes, such as river run-off, can cause nutrients to flow in and out of stores. 3. Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy. Carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, enters through the leaves of plants and, in the presence of