Chapt的er Five Syntax.docVIP

Chapter 4 ?Syntax Teaching aims: enable the students to understand and describe the internal structures of sentences Focal points: different treatment of sentence structure by different linguistic schools Teaching difficulties: IC analysis, deep structure, surface structure, tree diagram Teaching procedure： ?The outline of the chapter: 1 Syntax 2 Sentence 2.1 Definition 2.2 Category 3 Rules 3. 1 syntactic relations 3.1.1Positional relation 3.1.2Relations of substitutability 3.1.3 relations of co-occurrence 3.2 RecursivenessP 4 Grammatical construction (internal structure of sentences) 5 Syntactic function 5.1 subject as the doer 5.2 predicate as the expression of action, process and states 5.3 object as the receiver 6 Category 1 Syntax Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences. 2 Sentence 2.1 Definition Since sentence is usually regarded as the largest grammatical unit of a language, syntax has long been the center of grammatical study. In this chapter, we introduce some of the representative approaches to syntax. The traditional approach is based on the earlier grammars of Latin or Greek (the traditional grammar is a grammar of prescription). The traditional view of a sentence: “a series of words in connected speech or writing, forming the grammatically complete expression of a single thought”. ?Grammatical category: a class or group of items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a language. 2.2 Category 1) Grammatical category: a class or group of items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a language. ??? e.g. ??Number, gender, case: for nouns, pronouns. Tense, aspect, voice: ?for verbs 2) Lexical categories: part of speech. e.g.:? n, v, adj, det. etc. 3) Syntactic categories: usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.? e.g. subject, predicate, object etc. 3 Rules(sentence formation) 3. 1 syntactic relations “Syn