ch01 Introduction幻灯片.pptVIP

* Some System Calls (2) * System Calls (2) Processes have three segments: text (program code), data (variable), stack * System Calls (5) Some Win32 API calls that roughly correspond to the UNIX calls * 1.7 Operating System Structure A simple structuring model for a monolithic system Monolithic system (单体系统): The structure is that there is no structure. The OS is written as a collection of procedures, each of which can call any of the other ones whenever it needs to. * Layered systems Structure of the THE operating system Layered system (分层系统): Organize the OS as a hierarchy of layers, each one constructed upon the one below it. * Microkernels Microkernels (微内核结构): Put as little as possible in kernel model * Client-Server Model The client-server model, all the kernel does is handle the communication between clients and servers. A trend in modern OS is to take the idea of moving code up into higher layers even further and remove as much as possible from kernel mode, leaving a minimal microkernel. * Client-Server Model (2) The client-server model in a distributed system * Virtual Machines Structure of VM/370 with CMS Virtual Machines (虚拟机): The heart of the system, known as the virtual machine monitor, runs on the bare hardware and does the multiprogramming, providing several virtual machines to the next layer up. 第四版英文版已出，但还没有中文版。第四版只是在虚拟化一章增加了云的内容，第一章去掉了软盘等介绍，硬件架构也更新了（没有了ISA总线等，改为PCIe） Nokia 1110，卖出了2亿台。 * 超标量架构是在一颗处理器内核中实行了指令级并行的一类并行运算 * the CPU talks to memory over a fast DDR3 bus, to an external graphics device over PCIe and to all other devices via a hub over a DMI (Direct Media Interface) bus. The hub in turn connects all the other devices, using the Universal Serial Bus to talk to USB devices, the SATA bus to interact with hard disks and DVD drives, and PCIe to transfer Ethernet frames * * Parallel Systems (Cont.) Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP 对称多重处理) Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system. Many processes can run at once without per