论作为高层伦理规范的正义.docVIP

论作为高层次伦理规范的正义 论作为高层次伦理规范的正义 周旺生 北京大学法学院 【摘要】正义是古往今来人们所憧憬所讴歌的景状，从柏拉图到罗尔斯，西方学人叙说了数不清的关于正义的见解，既贡献了种种经典性论说，也使正义成为一张普洛透斯似的脸。正义实际上不是虚玄的事物，它也像法和道德一样，是为社会生活提供标准和指明方向的规范，不过不是普通的规范，而是高层次伦理规范。正义对主体的精神和行为都予以调整。正义不取文本形式，不是明文记载的制度，而是以观念化的形态存在于人的头脑、心灵、社会舆论和历史文化的积淀之中。正义是人们无法捧读的，但它却像时间一样，时刻就在我们身边。正义是伦理规范体系中规格和境界最高的规范，它以一系列美德或善为其基本内容。正义要求个人具备公平、公正、公道、正直、合理的美德，要求国家和社会体现自由、平等、安全这一类善，而法如果与正义结合便成为良法。正义的强制力比法更深刻，它以理性为强制力量，不以国家强力和法定程序保障其实现。正义的触角或统辖范围远远大于法的范围，它是关涉领域最广、时空跨度最大、尤具普适性的社会规范。在迄今衍生的形形色色正义理论中，亚里士多德和罗尔斯的学说，影响尤为深远。正义具有绝对和相对两重性，是绝对和相对的统合；具有主观和客观两重性，是主观和客观的统合。正义是以具体的形式历史性地表现出来的。在财富和其他社会资源配置不平等这一根本事实面前，正义无力把它的光明平等地送给每个社会成员，正义并非真实地充满每个人的生活空间，有许多人一生渴望和憧憬正义却难以感受正义的温暖。但正义的确为每个人平等地提供了一个追求美好景状的理由和价值判断的尺度。实现这种美好景状的前提，是不懈地根治国家和社会的病症。 【关键词】正义；普洛透斯的脸；高层次伦理规范；正义的统辖范围；正义的基本属性；正义的根本价值 On the justice as a high—level codes of ethics 【英文摘要】In reality，justice is not something mystery，it can provide some norms to our social life and point out the direction as some substantial codes as law and morality do．But it is not common codes but a high—level codes of ethics．Justice regulates the mentality of the subject as well as the action．Justice is not in the form of text and not proclaimed in writing，but exists in minds，psyches，public opinion and the consolidation of historical cultures．Justice demands that individuals should have such virtues as equity，fairness，impartiality，rightness，and reasonableness，it demands that state and society should have such goodness as freedom，equality and security．If the law could be combined with justice，it will be some good law．The force from justice is more intensive than that from law，it is exerted by the power of reason，not by state force and statutory procedure．The governance range of justice is more extensive than that of law．It is involved in most fields and most extensive space—time span；it is also applicable at large as a social criterion． 【英文关键词】Justice；A Protean face；High—level codes of ethics；The governance range of justice；The basic characteristics of justice；The f