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Chapter 20 SPREADSHEETS, GRAPHS, AND Scientific DATA ANALYSIS For the Teacher 1 Spreadsheet Basics 2 20.1 Calculations and Computer Modeling 3 20.2 Relating Graphs with Real-World Experiences 5 20.3 Graphing Stories 6 20.4 Scatter and Line Graphs 7 20.5 Column and Bar Graphs 10 20.6 Pie and Area Graphs 13 20.7 High-Low, Combination, and Log Plots 14 20.8 Statistics 18 Answers 19 References 23 For the Teacher The first personal computers were designed for electronics hobbyists and were of little use to the general population. That changed in 1979 with the release of VisiCalc, the world’s first electronic spreadsheet for personal computers. Although it resembled a traditional accounting ledger, VisiCalc performed operations automatically, based upon formulas entered by the user. Calculations that would normally take hours could now be performed in seconds. Immediately, scientists, engineers, and others recognized the potential for personal computers, fueling the personal computer revolution. The electronic spreadsheet has stimulated dramatic growth in scientific research by freeing scientists from menial calculations, allowing them to focus their time and efforts generating hypotheses, designing and conducting experiments, and evaluating results. Modern spreadsheet programs can be used to perform calculations, graph data, and organize information. They are an essential tool for students of science, as well as scientific researchers. The information in this section is applicable to all common spreadsheet programs, but the examples and downloadable files [] were made using Microsoft Excel(. In this chapter, students will learn how to use spreadsheet programs to record, graph, and analyze laboratory data and other scientific information. Such skills are invaluable to students in the Information Age. All of the exercises in this chapter employ scientific data and can be used to teach science concepts. Although there is discussion regarding spreadsh