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Building Site Surveying and Set Out 2182K Topics in module Surveying laws and geometry  Survey plans, bearings and set out  Measuring equipment  Leveling devices, tools and instruments  Using your level and level books  Grid levels, areas and volumes  Plotting and calculating grades  Topic 1. Surveying laws and geometry  Contents The laws relating to surveying Surveyors and survey qualifications Cadastral surveying Survey marks Geometry revisited The measurement of angles Right-angled triangles and Pythagoras’s theorem Triangles without a right angle Triangles and building sites Learning outcomes On completion of this section you will: ? know the various Acts of parliament which affect building setting-out ? know which areas of surveying require the services of a practicing Registered Surveyor ? be able to identify various survey marks ? be able to calculate missing values in a right-angled triangle and use trigonometrical ratios to calculate oblique triangles ? be able to use these triangles as an aid in setting out buildings.  Introduction Setting out for building construction requires some knowledge of basic surveying. Part of this section is devoted to a brief introduction to land surveying in Australia. Surveying has been described as the second-oldest profession. About 5000 years ago, surveyors were in great demand in Egypt to mark out the corners of each farm allotment following the annual flooding of the land by the River Nile. This was most important, because the Pharaohs based taxation on the area of land owned and the estimated yield from that area of land. In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, Moses exhorted the Israelites, ‘Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour’s corner mark’. Just 2000 years ago the Roman agrimensor (agri- for land and mensor for measurer) was in great demand to set out villages, roads and aqueducts. In Australia, surveying is one of the very few professions which are controlled by government statute.