3 technology transfer- g r i p s（3技术转让- g r i p s）（44页）.docVIP

Technology Transfer Hoshimi Uchida Professor emeritus, Tokyo Keizai University Chapter 3, in The Era of Industrialisation, Eds. Shunsaku Nishikawa and Takeji Abe, A History of the Japanese Economy, Vol. 4, Iwanami Shoten, 1990.  Table of Contents 1. The Role of Technology Transfer in Economic History 1-1 A World History of Technology Transfer 1-2 Types and Means of Technology Transfer 2. The Process of Technology Transfer from the West 2-1 End of the Tokugawa Shogunate (1868) 2-2 The Oyatoigaikokujin System 2-3 Engineering Education 2-4 Importing Machinery and Collaboration with Foreign Businesses 3. Traditional Industries and Technology Transfer References Translated from the Japanese by Anjali Patel. Co-edited by Anjali Patel, Izumi Ohno, and Azko Hayashida.1. The Role of Technology Transfer in Economic History 1-1 A World History of Technology Transfer Japan’s opening of its ports in 1859 brought with it the beginnings of trade with Europe and the United States (US), and, at the same time, opened a way for it to import technologies from the West. Since then Japan has achieved industrial modernisation through the deliberate and selective introduction of these technologies. This paper will describe Japan’s industrialisation as a process of technology transfer from the West, from a global perspective. It will analyse the sixty-year period that stretches from the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate (1850s) to Japan’s involvement in the First World War (1910s). General usage of the term technology transfer is relatively recent, and there are several approaches in treating it as a subject. However, these approaches can be broadly divided and understood as either an economic analysis of the activities of globally-active enterprises or a sociological analysis of technology transfer between different cultures (Ito 1986: 63, Komota 1982: 1). Much of the current debate on technology transfer is largely concerned with