biology13 a lab#12 the respiratory system（biology13实验室# 12呼吸系统）（10页）.docVIP

Biology 13A Lab #12: The Respiratory System Lab #12 Table of Contents: Expected Learning Outcomes . . . . 94 Introduction . . . . . . 95 Activity 1: Structures of the Respiratory System 96 Activity 2: Measuring Respiration . . . 96 Activity 3: Film: “Deadly Ascent” . . . 100 Introduction The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels in the blood fall, the brain stimulates more rapid breathing and deeper breathing. The effect is to draw more air into the lungs, to transport more oxygen to the cells, and lower pH and CO2 levels. Check Your Understanding: Answer the following questions based on your reading of the introduction. Where does gas exchange occur? What is one complete respiratory cycle? Define breathing rate and breathing depth. What happens to breathing rate and depth during exercise? What are the changes in blood chemistry that lead to