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p l a t e t e c t o n i c s- e s t a（p l c t e t e t o n i c s - e s t）.doc

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PLATE TECTONICS The Earth’s crust can be divided on the basis of seismological evidence into areas which only rarely have earthquakes, these aseismic plates are separated by narrow active seismic belts. These plates may be composed of mainly continental material e.g. the Eurasian plate or largely oceanic material e.g. Pacific plate. These plates are relatively rigid and have a thickness of between 100-150 km. Nearly all volcanic, seismic and tectonic activity is restricted to narrow zones around plate margins. The six major plates are: a) Pacific Indian Eurasian American African The minor plates which are considerably smaller are: Arabian Scotia Nasca Cocos Phillipine Caribbean The type of plate margin may be divided into three - constructive destructive conservative Along constructive margins new crust is created along oceanic ridges, this new crust, along with a layer of the uppermost part of the mantle, moves away from the ridge and new material is added to the trailing edge. The destructive margins (sinks) are marked by the presence of oceanic trenches and island arc systems. Along these margins the plates approach each other and one of the plates (the Oceanic plate) is forced down into the mantle at an angle of approximately 45o Along conservative margins there is neither a loss nor a gain and the plates slip past each other, these margins are marked by transform faults. In 1948, B. Gutenberg proposed the existence of a seismic ‘Low Velocity Zone’ in the upper part of the mantle; later work has confirmed the presence of this world wide zone at a depth of 100 km to 200 km. In this ‘layer’ seismic waves travel more slowly and this suggests that the zone is abnormally hot. It is suggested by some writers that not only are the rocks in this zone weak due to high temperatures, but the 5% of this layer may be molten. The upper 100-150 km of the crust is relatively strong and is known as the Lithosphere, the underlying weak zone is known as th