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When the Periphery Became More Central: From Colonial Pact to Liberal Nationalism in Brazil and Mexico, 1800-1914 Introduction The Global Economic History Network has concentrated on examining the “Great Divergence” between Europe and Asia, but recognizes that the Americas also played a major role in the development of the world economy. Ken Pomeranz noted, as had Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx before him, the role of the Americas in supplying the silver and gold that Europeans used to purchase Asian luxury goods. Smith wrote about the great importance of colonies. Marx and Engels, writing almost a century later, noted: The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America [north and south] trade with the colonies, ... gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known. Many students of the world economy date the beginning of the world economy from the European “discovery” or “encounter” of the “New World”) even though whether we should date the origins of “globalization” from 1500 is controversial. For Christopher Baily and Niall Ferguson the Americas clearly played an important role in the rise of the first British Empire and had certainly been the jewel of the first French overseas empire. Alfred Crosby as well as Pomeranz note the interrelationship between the Americas and the “neo-Europes.” Thus the Americas played a crucial role in expanding European overseas influence, in generating global exchange, and in the accumulation of capital during the mercantilist era. They were the laboratories for developing colonial regimes and export systems and played a large role in the debates over imperialism. However the Americas are given less attention in the study of nineteenth century imperialism by economic historians because the emphasis has been placed on colonial efforts in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.