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Running head: AUTOMATION USAGE DECISIONS Operator’s Automation Usage Decisions and the Sources of Misuse and Disuse Hall P. Beck Mary T. Dzindolet Linda G. Pierce Appalachian State University Cameron University Army Research Laboratory Abstract This chapter focuses upon operators’ automation usage decisions (AUDs), choices in which people have the option of relying on automation or employing a manual or less technologically advanced means of control. Misuse, the over-utilization of automation, and disuse, the under-utilization of automation, result from inappropriate AUDs. Three causes of misuse and disuse were identified. Operators may (1) not recognize that both automated and manual alternatives are available (recognition errors), (2) inaccurately estimate the utilities of the automated and/or manual options (appraisal errors), or (3) knowingly select the alternative with the lowest expected outcome (action error). A decision-making model was used to organize the literature, identify new areas of inquiry, and examine the effects of a number of variables known to affect AUDs. These included machine reliability and consistency, performance feedback, trust in automation, self-confidence in manual control, perceived utility, and the automation bias. Operator’s Automation Usage Decisions and the Sources of Misuse and Disuse As the new century progresses, the success of human activities will increasingly depend upon how effectively people collaborate with their machine partners. Historically, automation was developed to augment the senses or to enhance muscle power. Automation is now rapidly expanding beyond its traditional role to include the simulation of many human intellectual functions. The productivity of previous generations was largely determined by collective skills, the ability of persons to integrate their activities to achieve a common objective. In the future, efficient ind