Lectu11.pptVIP

Input/output Ref: Englander, Chps 8 p. 203-211 223-228, 238-239 and Chp 9 Input Output Computer systems must be capable of input and output (I/O). Peripheral devices used for I/O - Defined as any hardware component attached to system outside cpu.  Can categorize as Human-readable, to communicate with human users. e.g monitor OR Machine readable, to communicate with equipment e.g. modem, disk OR Devices used for input only e.g. keyboard Devices used for output only e.g. printer Devices used for storage (input/output) e.g disk Input/Output - problems to consider 1. I/O devices vary greatly in control /operation requirements. How will the cpu communicate with all of them? 2. Individual I/O devices need a unique address for interaction with the cpu. 3. I/O devices operate much slower than the CPU, and many deal only with blocks (not words) of data 4.I/O devices must be able to initiate communication with the CPU (interrupt it) Input/Output -------------------------------------------------------------------- Device Type Data Rate (kbytes/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Keyboard Input 0.01 Mouse Input 0.02 Laser Printer Output 100 Scanner Input 200 Optical Disk Storage 1000 Mag. Disk Storage 2000 Graphics Display Output 30,000 ------------------------------------------------------------------- I/O module(device controller) is combination of hardware and software. Some controllers have own memory and processors. Controller may be built onto system board or be on adaptor card that plugs into expansion slot on system bus.  I/O module exchanges status and control information and data between CPU and device. I/O module provides interface to deal with : very different logic required for diff. devices. data formats and word lengths often different between peripheral and CPU. difference in speed between CPU and I/O devices. Addre