ppt课件-chapter two organizingand summarizing data（第二章组织和总结数据）.pptVIP

Chapter TwoOrganizing and Summarizing Data 2.1 Organizing Qualitative Data * When data is collected from a survey or designed experiment, they must be organized into a manageable form. Data that is not organized is referred to as raw data. Ways to Organize Data Tables Graphs Numerical Summaries (Chapter 3) A frequency distribution lists the number of occurrences for each category of data. EXAMPLE Organizing Qualitative Data into a Frequency Distribution The data on the next slide represent the color of MMs in a bag of plain MMs. Construct a frequency distribution of the color of plain MMs. Orange Green Yellow Brown Yellow Yellow Blue Yellow Yellow Brown Red Brown Yellow Red Brown Blue Orange Red Orange Yellow Orange Brown Red Red Yellow Yellow Green Red Brown Green Red Brown Red Brown Orange Brown Brown Red Brown Blue Green Green Brown Orange Yellow Frequency table The relative frequency is the proportion or percent of observations within a category and is found using the formula: A relative frequency distribution lists the relative frequency of each category of data. EXAMPLE Constructing a Relative Frequency Distribution of Qualitative Data Construct a relative frequency distribution for the MM data provided earlier. A bar graph is constructed by labeling each category of data on a horizontal axis and the frequency or relative frequency of the category on the vertical axis. A rectangle of equal width is drawn for each category whose height is equal to the categorys frequency or relative frequency. EXAMPLE Constructing a Frequency and Relative Frequency Bar Graph Use the MM data to construct a frequency bar graph and a relative frequency bar graph. A Pareto chart is a bar graph where the bars are drawn in decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency. Pareto Chart EXAMPLE Comparing Two Data Sets The following data represent the consumption of energy (in quadrillion British thermal units) for the years 1980 and 1999. (a)