ppt课件-chapter2vectorspaces-kaist.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * Chapter 2: Vector spaces Vector spaces, subspaces, basis, dimension, coordinates, row-equivalence, computations A vector space (V,F, +, .) F a field V a set (of objects called vectors) Addition of vectors (commutative, associative)  Scalar multiplications Examples Other laws are easy to show This is just written differently The space of functions: A a set, F a field If A is finite, this is just F|A|. Otherwise this is infinite dimensional. The space of polynomial functions The following are different. Subspaces V a vector space of a field F. A subspace W of V is a subset W s.t. restricted operations of vector addition, scalar multiplication make W into a vector space. +:WxW - W, ?:FxW - W. W nonempty subset of V is a vector subspace iff for each pair of vectors a,b in W, and c in F, ca+b is in W. (iff for all a,b in W, c, d in F, ca+db is in W.) Example: is a vector subspace with field F. Solution spaces: Given an mxn matrix A Example x+y+z=0 in R3. x+y+z=1 (no) The intersection of a collection of vector subspaces is a vector subspace is not. Span(S) Theorem 3. W= Span(S) is a vector subspace and is the set of all linear combinations of vectors in S. Proof: Sum of subsets S1, S2, …,Sk of V If Si are all subspaces of V, then the above is a subspace. Example: y=x+z subspace: Row space of A: the span of row vectors of A. Column space of A: the space of column vectors of A. Linear independence A subset S of V is linearly dependent if A set which is not linearly dependent is called linearly independent: The negation of the above statement Basis A basis of V is a linearly independent set of vectors in V which spans V. Example: Fn the standard basis V is finite dimensional if there is a finite basis. Dimension of V is the number of elements of a basis. (Independent of the choice of basis.) A proper subspace W of V has dim W dim V. (to be proved) Example: P invertible n