ppt课件-chapter1introductionandbasicconcepts.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Energy equation in terms of heads * Mechanical energy flow chart for a fluid flow system that involves a pump and a turbine. Vertical dimensions show each energy term expressed as an equivalent column height of fluid, i.e., head. * (5-74) Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction When piping losses are negligible, there is negligible dissipation of mechanical energy into thermal energy, and thus hL = emech loss, piping /g ? 0. Also, hpump, u = hturbine, e = 0 when there are no mechanical work devices such as fans, pumps, or turbines. Then Eq. 5–74 reduces to This is the Bernoulli equation derived earlier using Newton’s second law of motion. Thus, the Bernoulli equation can be thought of as a degenerate form of the energy equation. * Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, ? The determination of the kinetic energy correction factor using the actual velocity distribution V(r) and the average velocity Vavg at a cross section. The kinetic energy of a fluid stream obtained from V2/2 is not the same as the actual kinetic energy of the fluid stream since the square of a sum is not equal to the sum of the squares of its components. This error can be corrected by replacing the kinetic energy terms V2/2 in the energy equation by ?Vavg2/2, where ? is the kinetic energy correction factor. The correction factor is 2.0 for fully developed laminar pipe flow, and it ranges between 1.04 and 1.11 for fully developed turbulent flow in a round pipe. * * * * * Example: Hydroelectric Power Generation from a Dam * Example: Fan Selection for Air Cooling of a Computer Energy equation between 3 and 4 Energy equation between 1 and 2 * Example: Pumping Water from a Lake to a Reservoir For the pump Energy equation between 1 and 2 * Summary Introduction Conservation of Mass The Linear Momentum Equation Conservation of Energy Conservat