ppt课件-chapter2basicdescriptivestatisticspercentages,ratios.pptVIP

CHAPTER 2 Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and rates, Tables, Charts and Graphs Chapter Outline Percentages and Proportions Ratios, Rates, and Percent Change Frequency Distributions: Introduction Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Nominal and Ordinal Levels Chapter Outline Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level Constructing Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio Level Variables: A Review Charts and Graphs Interpreting Statistics: Using Percentages, Frequency Distributions, Charts, and Graphs to Analyze Changing Patterns of Workplace Surveillance Percentages and Proportions Percentages and Proportions Report relative size. Compare the number of cases in a specific category to the number of cases in all categories. Compare a part (specific category) to a whole (all categories). The part is the numerator (f ). The whole is the denominator (N). Percentages and Proportions What percentage of a group of people is female? The whole is the number of people in the group. The part is the number of females. Percentages and Proportions To identify the whole and the part, use the keywords of and is. of identifies the whole (N) is identifies the part (f) Percentages and Proportions: Example What % of social science majors is male? of (whole) = all social science majors 97 + 132 = 229 is (part) = male social science majors 97 (97/229) * 100 = (.4236) * 100 = 42.36% 42.36% of social science majors are male Ratios Compare the relative sizes of categories. Compare parts to parts. Ratio = f1 / f2 f1 - number of cases in first category f2 number of cases in second category Ratios In a class of 23 females and 19 males, the ratio of males to females is: 19/23 = 0.83 For every female, there are 0.83 males. In the same class, the ratio of females to males is: 23/19 = 1.21 For every male, there are 1.21 females. Rate Expresses the number of actual occurrences of an event (births, deaths, homicides) vs. the numbe