ppt课件-chapter6 temperature, salinity,and density（chapter6温度、盐度和密度）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-chapter6 temperature, salinity,and density（chapter6温度、盐度和密度）.ppt

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Chapter 6 Temperature, Salinity, and Density Physical oceanography Instructor: Dr. Cheng-Chien Liu Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng Kung University Last updated: 18 October 2003 Introduction Factors that influences S and T Heat fluxes, evaporation, rain fall, river in flow, melting and freezing of sea ice Change S and T ? change D ? convection ? track water movement D = fn(horizontal pressure gradient, currents) Definition of salinity The simplest level The amount of dissolved material [g] in sea water [kg] not useful ? the dissolved material is impossible to measure in practice Volatile material like gasses Chlorides are lost in the last stages of drying A dimensionless quantity without unit Fig 6.1: the need for accuracy DS ? 34.60 to 34.80 parts per thousand ? 200 parts per million DS in the deep North Pacific is even smaller ? 20 parts per million If we want to classify water with different salinity, we need definitions and instruments accurate to about one part per million Notice that DT ? 10C, and T is easier to measure Definition of salinity (cont.) A more complete definition (1902) Useful but difficult to use routinely Total amount of solid materials in grams dissolved in one kilogram of sea water when all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, the Br and I replaced by Cl and all organic matter completely oxidized Salinity based on Chlorinity ? chemical S = 0.03 + 1.805Cl Cl:the mass of silver required to precipitate completely the halogens in 0.328 523 4kg of the sea-water sample Three reasons The above definition was difficult to implement in practice S ? Cl Simple and accurate measurement of Cl Refine (1966): S = 1.80655 Cl Definition of salinity (cont.) Salinity based on Conductivity ? electronic S = -0.08996 + 28.2929729R15 + 12.80832 R215?-10.67869R315 + 5.98624R415 - 1.32311R515 R15= C(S,15,0)/C(35,15,0) C (S, 15 , 0): the conductivity of the sea-water sample at 15°C and atmospheric pressure, having a salinity S derived from (6.4) C