ppt课件-gg450lecture36may1,2006-soestschoolofoceanand.pptVIP

GG 450May 1, 2008 BOREHOLE LOGGING Modern data and methods allow correlations between well logs to include hole geometry and 3-D representations. Spectral gamma-ray logs provide means to investigate mineralogy of sedimentary sequences, since different minerals contain different amounts of these isotopes. * Drilling Technology Basics Drilling is an art that has progressed a great deal since the first wells were drilled about 150 years ago. At that time, the main product was kerosene to be burned in lamps. Gasoline didnt come in until the automobile was on its way around 1900. Drillers didnt trouble themselves with environmental concerns, and the process was dirty and wasteful. BOP Stack: Wells now all have a blow-out-prevention stack (BOP stack) at the ground level which can cut and seal the pipe and/or any casing strings quickly if pressure in the hole indicates that a highly overpressured zone has been encountered. Drill pipe is HEAVY. The Joides Resolution string weighs about 600 tons. The drillers must be sure that the pipe is always in tension. The only part of the pipe in compression is at the bit itself. Heavy weighted pipes (drill collar) just above the bit keep the bottom section in tension. The pipe is kept in rotation as much as possible with fluid pumped down through the pipe through the bit. The fluid keeps bits of rock (cuttings) from falling back down and clogging the pipe. The pipe can only rotate in one direction. If it were to rotate backwards, all the screw joints between pipe stands would come apart. Drilling mud is used to bring heavy cuttings back to the surface. If water were used, these cuttings would tend to sink back down the hole because of the density difference. What can be measured in a borehole is limited by the characteristics of the hole. While drilling, holes are CASED with steel pipe to prevent the hole from collapsing in around the drill pipe. As the hole is deepened, more casing – with smaller diamete