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Geografiske informasjonssystemer (GIS)SGO1910 SGO4930 V?r 2004 Announcements Office hours next Tuesday: 9.30-11.30 Midterm Quiz 1 next week (13.15 – 14.00) Lecture follows (14.15 – 15.00) GIS Labs start next week. (Make sure you are signed up for one, and have a UiO computer account!) Questions about home pages? Quick review: Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic reference (such as latitude and longitude coordinates), or an implicit reference such as an address, road name, or postal code. Geographic references allow you to locate features for analysis. Types of georeferences: Addresses Postal codes Placenames Linear referencing Cadasters Longitude and latitude Geographic Coordinates Geographic coordinates are the earths latitude and longitude system, ranging from 90 degrees south to 90 degrees north in latitude and 180 degrees west to 180 degrees east in longitude. A line with a constant latitude running east to west is called a parallel. A line with constant longitude running from the north pole to the south pole is called a meridian. The zero-longitude meridian is called the prime meridian and passes through Greenwich, England. A grid of parallels and meridians shown as lines on a map is called a graticule. Cartography and GIS Understanding the way maps are encoded to be used in GIS requires knowledge of cartography. Cartography is the science that deals with the construction, use, and principles behind maps. Distortions Any projection must distort the Earth in some way Two types of projections are important in GIS Conformal property: Shapes of small features are preserved: anywhere on the projection the distortion is the same in all directions Equal area property: Shapes are distorted, but features have the correct area Both types of projections will generally distort distances “no flat map can be both equivalent and conformal.” The “Unprojected” Projection Assign latitude to the y axis and longitude to the x axis A type of cylin