ppt课件-geodesyand map projections- u t austin c a e e（geodesyand地图投影- u t奥斯汀c a e e）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-geodesyand map projections- u t austin c a e e（geodesyand地图投影- u t奥斯汀c a e e）.ppt

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Geodesy, Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Geodesy - the shape of the earth and definition of earth datums Map Projection - the transformation of a curved earth to a flat map Coordinate systems - (x,y) coordinate systems for map data Types of Coordinate Systems (1) Global Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) for the whole earth (2) Geographic coordinates (f, l, z) (3) Projected coordinates (x, y, z) on a local area of the earth’s surface The z-coordinate in (1) and (3) is defined geometrically; in (2) the z-coordinate is defined gravitationally Global Cartesian Coordinates (x,y,z) Global Positioning System (GPS) 24 satellites in orbit around the earth Each satellite is continuously radiating a signal at speed of light, c GPS receiver measures time lapse, Dt, since signal left the satellite, Dr = cDt Position obtained by intersection of radial distances, Dr, from each satellite Differential correction improves accuracy Global Positioning using Satellites Geographic Coordinates (f, l, z) Latitude (f) and Longitude (l) defined using an ellipsoid, an ellipse rotated about an axis Elevation (z) defined using geoid, a surface of constant gravitational potential Earth datums define standard values of the ellipsoid and geoid Shape of the Earth Ellipse Ellipsoid or SpheroidRotate an ellipse around an axis Standard Ellipsoids Horizontal Earth Datums An earth datum is defined by an ellipse and an axis of rotation NAD27 (North American Datum of 1927) uses the Clarke (1866) ellipsoid on a non geocentric axis of rotation NAD83 (NAD,1983) uses the GRS80 ellipsoid on a geocentric axis of rotation WGS84 (World Geodetic System of 1984) uses GRS80, almost the same as NAD83 Definition of Latitude, f Cutting Plane of a Meridian Definition of Longitude, l Latitude and Longitude on a Sphere Length on Meridians and Parallels Representations of the Earth Geoid and Ellipsoid Definition of Elevation Vertical Earth Datums A vertical datum defines elevation, z NGVD29 (National Geodetic Vertical