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Chapter 5 Fiber-Optic Media Introduction fiber-optics Advantages and disadvantages of fiber-optics Fiber-optic connectors Basics of fiber-optic transmission Fiber Optics Fiber-optic cable is a communications medium that uses modulated light for transmissions through thin strands of glass. Signals that represent data bits are converted into beams of light. Although the cost of the fiber media is not significantly more than copper cable, the connectors, tools, and labor needed to terminate the fiber are considerably more expensive. Fiber-optic cable construction Typically there are five elements that make up each fiber-optic cable: Core Cladding Buffer Strength material (Aramid Yarn) Outer jacket How Fiber-Optics Work Incoming light is reflected or refracted off of the cladding depending on what angle it strikes the cladding. It then bounces inside the core and cladding for very great distances. Fiber-Optic Cables Each fiber-optic circuit is actually two fiber cables. One fiber is used for transmission in each direction. Notice that each cable has both a transmit and a receive connector. A pair (Tx/Rx) could plug into a router, switch, termination panel, server, or even workstation. Data Transmission A transmitter converts data into coded light pulses and injects the light pulses into the fiber. A special device known as a Light Emitting Diode (LED) produces the light. This small electronic device lights up very quickly when electricity is applied to it. A sequence of pulses represents the data that is being sent . When the light pulse reaches the destination it is channeled into the optical receiver. Fiber-Optic Transmission Types Single-mode uses a single mode of light to transmit the signal and multimode uses multiple modes of light to transmit the signal, thus the term multimode. A mode in optical transmission is a ray of light entering the core at a particular angle. Modes can therefore be thought of as bundles of light rays of the same wavelength entering