ppt课件-fundamentalsofgeographicinformationsystems.pptVIP

Map Features Title Symbols Legend North Arrow Place-names Credits Inset Scale Symbols Map symbols are the representations of the real-world features. The mapmaker can assign a certain symbol to represent a feature but most maps follow a specific guideline for representing features. Map Representations Legend The legend lists the symbols used on a map and what they depict The symbols should appear on the legend exactly as they do on the map North Arrow The question of “what is north” can be an issue on some maps The earth has a “true” north and a “magnetic” north Most maps reference true north Inset Occasionally, data and observations may be densely cluttered in small sections of a map. The mapmaker provides insets to zoom in to these cluttered locations Scale The amount of reduction that occurs when taking the real world and expressing it as a map In most maps, scale is extremely important Scale can be indicated by Verbal (1 inch equals 2000 feet) Numeric (1:24,000) Graphic Scale Large scale map features are relatively large. Small scale map features are relatively small. Large Scale 1:1000 Small Scale 1:250000 Scale Large Scale Small Scale More Detail --------- ---------- Less Detail 1:24,000 1:100,000 1:500,000 1:1,000,000 Environmental GIS Nicholas A. Procopio, Ph.D, GISP nick@drexel.edu Map Review A map is defined as a representation, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on, or in relation to, the surface of the Earth. Map Characteristics Usually out of date Show only a static situation – one slice of time Often elegant/artistic (much more so in distant past, more functional in recent times) History of Maps Earliest direct evidence of mapping comes from the middle east. Thought to be Babylonian clay tablets that depict the earth as a flat circular disk Most date it as 2,300-2,500 B.C. Early Views of the Earth Thales (625-547 BC) proposes a disc on an ocean Anaximander (611 – 554 BC) proposes a