ppt课件-generalchemistrychem103.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements Dalton’s Atomic Theory Postulates proposed in 1803 know for first exam Dalton’s Atomic Theory Postulate 1 An element is composed of tiny particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element show the same chemical properties. Dalton’s Atomic Theory Postulate 2 Dalton’s Atomic Theory Postulate 3 Compounds are formed when atoms of two or more elements combine. In a given compound, the relative number of atoms of each kind are definite and constant. Dalton’s Atomic Theory Postulate 4 In an ordinary chemical reaction, no atom of any element disappears or is changed into an atom of another element. Chemical reactions involve changing the way in which the atoms are joined together. Structure of the Atom Composed of: protons neutrons electrons protons found in nucleus relative charge of +1 relative mass of 1.0073 amu Structure of the Atom Composed of: protons neutrons electrons neutrons found in nucleus neutral charge relative mass of 1.0087 amu Structure of the Atom Composed of: protons neutrons electrons electrons found in electron cloud relative charge of -1 relative mass of 0.00055 amu ATOM COMPOSITION Radioactivity Alpha – helium-4 nucleus Ra226 ? Rn222 + He4(a) Beta – high energy electron U239 ? Np239 + b-1 Gamma – energy resulting from transitions from one nuclear energy level to another Ni60* ? Ni60 + g Penetrations ofRadioactive Emissions Isotopes Their Uses The modern view of the atom was developed by Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937). Rutherford’s Model of the Atom atom is composed mainly of vacant space all the positive charge and most of the mass is in a small area called the nucleus electrons are in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus Nucleus Ions Ion electrostatically charged atom or group of atoms cations positive ions anions negative ions ionic compounds combination of cations and anions zero net charge Atomic number, Z the number of protons in the nucleus the number of electrons in a neutral atom the integer