ppt课件-univariate.ppt- i u p u i（单变量。ppt -我u p u）.pptVIP

Univariate Analysis/Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics The Range Min/Max Average Median Mode Variance Standard Deviation Histograms and Normal Distributions Univariate Analysis/Histograms Distributions Descriptive statistics are easier to interpret when graphically illustrated. However, charting each data element can lead to very busy and confusing charts that do not help interpret the data. Grouping the data elements into categories and charting the frequency within these categories yields a graphical illustration of how the data is distributed throughout its range. Univariate Analysis/Histograms Univariate Analysis/Histograms Frequency Table The first step is to decide on the categories and group the data appropriately. (45, 49, 50, 53, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74, 74, 78, 81, 85, 87, 100) Univariate Analysis/Histograms Histogram A histogram is simply a column chart of the frequency table. Univariate Analysis/Histograms Histogram Univariate Analysis/Normal Distributions Distributions that can be described mathematically as Gaussian are also called Normal The Bell curve Symmetrical Mean ≈ Median Univariate Analysis/Skewed Distributions When data are skewed, the mean and SD can be misleading Skewness sk= 3(mean-median)/SD If sk|1| then distribution is non-symetrical Negatively skewed MeanMedian Sk is negative Positively Skewed MeanMedian Sk is positive Central Limit Theorem Regardless of the shape of a distribution, the distribution of the sample mean based on samples of size N approaches a normal curve as N increases. N must be less than the entire sample N=10 Univariate Analysis/Descriptive Statistics The Range Difference between minimum and maximum values in a data set Larger range usually (but not always) indicates a large spread or deviation in the values of the data set. (73, 66, 69, 67, 49, 60, 81, 71, 78, 62, 53, 87, 74, 65, 74, 50, 85, 45, 63, 100) Univariate Analysis/Descriptive Statistics The Average (Mean) Sum of all