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c h a p t e r21- t h e i m m u n e s y s t e m i n n a t e a n d a d a p t i v e b o d y d e f e n s e s（c h p t e一下r21 - t h e m m u n e s y s t e m i n n t e n d d p t i v e b o d y s d e f e n s e）.doc

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CHAPTER 21-THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: INNATE AND ADAPTIVE BODY DEFENSES I. A variety of cells and structures work together to protect the human body from bacterial, fungal and viral infection. This resistance to disease (also known as immunity) allows the body to maintain its health. A. There are two primary defense systems in the body that work both independently and cooperatively to provide resistance to disease. Those two systems are: 1. The Innate (Nonspecific) System 2. The Adaptive (Specific) System B. The immune system is considered to be a functional system instead of an organ system. It is composed of chemicals and trillions of immune cells that inhabit lymphoid tissue and circulate in body fluids. 1. When functioning properly, this system protects the body from infectious microorganisms and cancer cells. II. INNATE (NONSPECIFIC) DEFENSES-this system responds quickly to protect the body from pathogens and infection. A. There are two major lines of defense that make up the Innate Defensive System: 1. Surface barriers or external body membranes which prevent the penetration of pathogens into the body. These barriers can produce a number of chemicals that provide protection for the body (acids, enzymes, mucin, defensins). 2. Inflammation-which includes a variety of proteins, cells and phagocytes which work together to prevent the spread of pathogens throughout the body. B. Surface Barriers: Skin and Mucosae 1. This system works well as long as the thick keratinized epithelial tissue of the skin is not broken. a. The thick protein keratin is also resistant to the acids and bases secreted by most bacteria. Recall that this protein is abundant in the skin. 2. Mucous Membranes line body cavities that open directly to the outside of the body. Specific functions of mucous membranes in innate body defense include: a. Serving as sticky surfaces to trap microorganisms