marineand freshwater（marineand淡水）.docVIP

Marine and Freshwater Beach Testing in Massachusetts Annual Report 2005 Season Prepared by Massachusetts Department of Public Health Center for Environmental Health Environmental Toxicology Program June 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INtroduction 2 A. Overview 2 II. BACKGROUND 8 A. Information on Beach Water Quality 8 1. Health Effects from Swimming in Marine Waters 8 2. Beach Water Quality Testing Methods - Marine 8 3. Historical and Current Water Quality Criteria - Marine 11 4. Health Effects From Swimming in Freshwater 13 5. Beach Water Quality Testing Methods – Freshwater 13 6. Current Water Quality Criteria – Freshwater 14 B. MDPH Accomplishments - 2005 15 1. Beaches Website 15 2. Public Health Emergency Preparedness 16 3. Training 17 4. Laboratory Programs 17 5. Press Event 18 III. METHODS 19 A. Sample Collection 19 B. Laboratory Analysis 20 C. Data Reporting 20 D. Data Validation 21 E. Public Notification 21 F. Limitations 22 IV. RESULTS 25 A. MARINE BEACHES 26 B. FRESHWATER BEACHES 28 V. DISCUSSION 30 A. Analysis of Results 30 B. Future Plans 34 VI. Summary 36 VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 37 VIII. REFERENCES 38 IX. TABLES 41 X. FIGURES 109 XI. APPENDICES 129 A. Massachusetts State Regulations 130 B. General Laws of Massachusetts 138 C. Massachusetts’ Beach Act 140 D. Federal BEACH Act 147 E. MDPH Beach Sampling Field Data Form 166  INtroduction Overview Massachusetts has an extensive collection of recreational waters, including both freshwater and marine bathing beaches. These beaches serve as recreational resources to the local communities. Bathing beach water quality is an important public health concern, and is of vital importance in ensuring that beaches meet all current public health standards. Recreational use of waters polluted by microbial contamination can result in human health problems such as sore throat, gastroenteritis, or even meningitis or encephalitis (Cabelli, 1983; USEPA, 1986; Cabelli, 1989; Haile, 1996