ComputerSecurityPrinciplesandPractice.pptVIP

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ComputerSecurityPrinciplesandPractice

* In most computer security contexts, user authentication is the fundamental building block and the first line of defense. User authentication is the basis of most types of access control and for user accountability. RFC 2828 defines user authentication as: “The process of verifying an identity claimed by or for a system entity. An authentication process consists of two steps: Identification step: Presenting an identifier to the security system. (Identifiers should be assigned carefully, because authenticated identities are the basis for other security services, such as access control service.) Verification step: Presenting or generating authentication information that corroborates the binding between the entity and the identifier.” In essence, identification is the means by which a user provides a claimed identity to the system; user authentication is the means of establishing the validity of the claim. Note that user authentication is distinct from message authentication. * There are four general means of authenticating a users identity, which can be used alone or in combination: ? Something the individual knows: Examples includes a password, a personal identification number (PIN), or answers to a prearranged set of questions. ? Something the individual possesses: Examples include electronic keycards, smart cards, and physical keys. This type of authenticator is referred to as a token. ? Something the individual is (static biometrics): Examples include recognition by fingerprint, retina, and face. ? Something the individual does (dynamic biometrics): Examples include recognition by voice pattern, handwriting characteristics, and typing rhythm. All of these methods, properly implemented and used, can provide secure user authentication. However, each method has problems. An adversary may be able to guess or steal a password. Similarly, an adversary may be able to forge or steal a token. A user may forget a password or lose a token. Further, there is a significant a

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