保护层分析LayersOfProtAnalysis培训教程文件.ppt

Functional safety Engineering - Layers of Protection Layers of Protection Analysis Fault Propagation Context Event Tree Method Layers of Protection Definition LOPA Event Tree Initiating Evnents and Failure Rates Example of Layers of Protection Fault Propagation modelling Analyze the Chain of events that leads to an accident Layers of Protection Analysis - LOPA A variant of Event Tree Analysis More structures Like event tree analysis, the initiating event start the chain of events Branches are layers of protection Consider only two outcome Accident No Event LOPA Version of Event Tree Ex, Column Rupture LOPA Draw the LOPA diagram for following situations Consequence of the accident = fire due to distillation column rupture has a root cause of loss of cooling water Layers of protection Operator respond to alarms and stops the process Process generally designed to withstand loss of cooling water The column has a pressure relief valve Source of ignition are controlled in the process area Ex: Column rupture LOPA LOPA Calculations Proceed as with event tree, but only need to calculate the frequency of accident Resulting accident frequency is initiating event frequency multiplied by PFD of all protection layers Example Cooling water failure frequency is 0,5/year Protection layers Operator response failure PFD = 0,15 Relief valve failure – PFD = 0,07 Process design inadequate – PFD = 0,01 Ignition source contacted – PFD = 0,3 Ex: Column Rupture, LOPA Failure Rate Quantification Historical reliability data specific to your installation is best, but often difficult to get Plant maintenance and SIS function test data by equipment type Industry average data grouped by equipment type Some expert judgment is still inevitable Using Maintenance and Function Test Data Companies usually keep maintenance logs IEC 61511 requires function testing and documentation of results Function test data used to approximate failure rate: Simple Equation for point estimate of failure rate: