第一章简介.pptVIP

GNU通用公共许可证（简称为GPL），是由自由软件基金会发行的用于计算机软件的许可证。最初由Richard Stallman为GNU计划而撰写。目前大多数的GNU程序和超过半数的自由软件使用此许可证。此许可证最新版本为“版本2”，1991年发布。GNU宽通用公共许可证（简称LGPL）是由GPL衍生出的许可证，被用于一些GNU程序库。 Windows NT NT Executive modified microkernel architecture微内核架构 many of the system functions outside the microkernel run in kernel mode Uses a layered structure 层结构 Hardware abstraction layer (HAL) 硬件抽象层 makes hardware look the same to the kernel provides support for symmetric(对称) multiprocessing Windows NT NT Executive Uses a layered structure microkernel 微内核 most-used components does not run in threads is not preemptible(非抢占式) executive services provides an interface to user-mode software 为用户模式下的软件提供接口 Windows NT Features for SMP Operating system routines can run on any processor Different routines can execute simultaneously(同时地) on different processors Multiple threads of execution within a single process Servers use multiple threads to process request for more than one client simultaneously Flexible(灵活的) interprocess communication Windows NT Objects Not all entities are objects Entities represented by objects are files, processes, threads, semaphores, times, and windows Object manager in the kernel is responsible for creating and destroying objects, and for granting access to an object’s services and data UNIX Architecture Hardware is surrounded by the operating-system 硬件由操作系统包围着 Operating system is called the kernel 内核 Comes with a number of user services and interfaces 提供一组用户服务和用户接口 shell 外壳 C compiler C语言编译器 UNIX Architecture Hardware Kernel Shell Editors, and Private User Programs Compiler Components Compiler Application Programs Unix的发展 1969年贝尔实验室汤普森在PDP-7计算机开发了Unix Modern UNIX Systems System V Release 4 ( SVR4) by ATT and SUN Microsystem Solaris 2.x by SUN Berkeley Software Distribution(BSD 4.x) Academic Linux 1991年由芬兰的大学生(Linus Torvalds)研制 自由软件:免费和自由，可出售自己的程序[ GPL版权 如 eMule ] Red Hat / 红旗Linux 应用于网络服务器，企业计算 Oracle,Informix,Sybase/ IBM,Sun,Corel Linux 发展的重要里程碑