Diffusion faculty弥散着的专业.kutztown.pptVIP

* Digestion and Metabolism Overview Digestion, Structures, and Processes Scaling Measurement of Metabolism (lab 2/28) More about hormones later… 2/27 and 3/3/08 * Overview of Digestion Assimilation –sequential processes of nutrient absorption and breakdown Egestion – expulsion of undigested food Figure 11.1 * Feeding, Foods, and Energy (Fig 11.2) Gross Energy (whatever is consumed) ? indigestible energy (feces) Digestible Energy ? unmetabolizable energy (urine) Metabolizable Energy ? Specific Dynamic Action (heat) Net Energy * Feeding, Energy, and Processing Role of salivary amylase beginning digestion Continued in duodenum by pancreatic amylaseand disacchridases Note lack of interaction forcellulose Figure 11.3 * Feeding, Energy, and Processing Begins in stomach with pepsin (low pH) Additional enzymesand then dipeptidaseshigh pH However, some proteins transporteddirectly into cells endocytosis Figure 11.5 * Feeding, Energy, and Processing Table 11.2 * Feeding, Energy, and Processing Figure 11.7 * Feeding Strategies and Foods Small particles Vacuoles, mucous traps, tentacles, filtration Large particles/masses Scraping/chewing, swallow whole Fluids or soft tissues Nectar, blood, milk, external digestion Sucking, lapping, sponging DOM (dissolved organic material) Esp. beneficial for soft-bodied marine inverts Why? * Feeding Structures Many animals have specialized mouthparts Siphons Attachment organs Tongues Radula Proboscis Beaks Jaws * Digestive Systems Evolutionary history: increasing anatomical and functional specialization Two-way gut One-way gut with specialized regions Figure 11.13 * Surface Area Nutrients are hydrolyzed in the lumen of the GI tract Uptake of end products is slow Efficiency of uptake is improved by increasing surface area in two ways Increasing gut length Increasing surface undulations Figure 11.18 * Gastrointestinal Tract Key functions and regions Mechanical breakdown of food mouth