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Chapter 5??Eigenvalues of matrix and Diagonalization 【Introduction】? ?????? 工程技术中的振动问题和稳定问题，常可通过求一个方阵的特征值和特征向量来解决，数学中方阵的对角化及解微分方程组等问题，也都要用到特征值的理论，本章将介绍有关特征值和特征向量的理论，以及方阵对角化的理论。 【Basic knowledges?】 ??????Definitions of Eigenvalues?and Eigenvectors,??the similar matrix， the diagonalization of matrix? etc.? 【Content And Arrangement】Act 1???? Act 2??? ?Act 3? 【】1、理解矩阵的特征值、特征向量的概念及性质，会求矩阵的特征值与特征向量。 2、了解相似矩阵的概念、性质及矩阵可相似对角化的充分必要条件。 3、掌握相似矩阵的对角化法，及用正交变换化实对称矩阵为对角阵。 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 【Content And Arrangement】1) Definitions of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 2) Properties of Eigenvectors 3) Definitions of the similar matrix 4) Properties of the similar matrix 5) Diagonalization of matrix 【Content】 Definition 1 Let be an matrix .A scalar is said to be an eigenvalue or a characteristic value of A if there exists a nonzero vector such that ……………. (5.1.1) . The vector is said to be an eigenvector or a characteristic vector belonging to . How to find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix? have a nonzero solution or Let =,this polynomial is called the characteristic polynomial and equation is called the characteristic equation for the matrix A. Theorem 1 polynomial are The eigenvalues of a square matrix A are the roots of the characteristic equation . Once the eigenvalues have been determined ,the corresponding eigenvectors can be determined from the system . Properties of eigenvectors If are eigenvectors of A ,then and ,where and ,are also eigenvectors of A corresponding to the same eigenvalues . Some example EXAMPLE 1 Determine the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the matrix 解 特征方程为 , 即,故特征值为 ,,. 将代入方程组,得 , 即,它的一个基础解系为, 所以,A对应于特征值的全部特征向量为, 类似地可得A对应于特征值的全部特征向量为 A对应于特征值的全部特征向量为. EXAMPLE 2 Determine the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the matrix . 解：特征方程为 , 即, 故特征值为 , . 将代入方程组,得 , 即,它的一个基础解系为, ,所以,对应于特征值的全部特征向量为 ,不全为0) 类似地,将代入方程组可得对应于特征值的全部特征向量为 ,. 求方阵A的特征值和特征向量的步骤为: 1) 解方程,求出方阵A的全部特征值; 2) 对于方阵A的每一特征值,求出相应齐次线性