Embedded System Hardware TU Dortmund做嵌入式系统的硬件。.pptVIP

Embedded System Hardware Peter Marwedel Informatik 12 TU DortmundGermany Motivation The need to consider both hardware and software is one of the characteristics of embedded/cyber-physical systems. Reasons: Real-time behavior Efficiency Energy … Security Reliability … Structure of this course Embedded System Hardware Embedded system hardware is frequently used in a loop(“hardware in a loop“): Many examples of such loops Heating Lights Engine control Power supply … Robots Sensors Processing of physical data starts with capturing this data. Sensors can be designed for virtually every physical and chemical quantity including weight, velocity, acceleration, electrical current, voltage, temperatures etc. chemical compounds. Many physical effects used for constructing sensors. Examples: law of induction (generation of voltages in an electric field), light-electric effects. Huge amount of sensors designed in recent years. Example: Acceleration Sensor Courtesy ?: S. Bütgenbach, TU Braunschweig Charge-coupled devices (CCD) image sensors CMOS image sensors Based on standard production process for CMOS chips, allows integration with other components. Comparison CCD/CMOS sensors Example: Biometrical Sensors Artificial eyes Artificial eyes (2) Artificial eyes (3) Translation into sound;resolution claimed to be good[/etumble.htm] Other sensors Rain sensors for wiper control(“Sensors multiply like rabbits“ [ITT automotive]) Pressure sensors Proximity sensors Engine control sensors Hall effect sensors Signals Sensors generate signals Definition: a signal s is a mapping from the time domain DT to a value domain DV: s: DT ? DV DT : continuous or discrete time domain DV : continuous or discrete value domain. Discretization Peter Marwedel Informatik 12 TU DortmundGermany Discretization of time Digital computers require discrete sequences of physical values Sample-and-hold circuits h(t) is a sequence of values or a mapping ? ? ? Do we loose information du