EVOLUTION RegularPAPIB Prep Biology进化生物学regularpapib准备.pptxVIP

EVOLUTION Variation The differences between individual members of a population (ex: fur color, eye color, etc.) Can not always be observed Are almost always genetically inherited Results from mutations and recombination Adaptation An inherited trait that increases the population’s chances of survival and reproduction It can be physical or behavioral Evolution Defined as “change over time” There were 3 scientists who made important contributions to this field: Charles Bonnet Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Charles Darwin Charles Bonnet Noticed that fossils didn’t look like modern organisms Theorized that periodic catastrophes affected the entire planet and after each catastrophe life began anew Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Challenged Bonnet’s views Believed that the fossils of extinct animals were the ancestors of those living today Developed Lamarck’s hypothesis Lamarck’s Hypothesis Organisms strive to improve themselves Principle of Use and Disuse: the most-used body structures develop, whereas unused structures waste away Principle of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: modified structure is inherited by the organism’s offspring** **This 3rd principle was disproved by August Weismann. Changes in an individual during its lifetime do not affect its reproductive cells or its offspring. Charles Darwin Scientist who studied plants and animals while on an around-the-world trip After studying several organisms, he developed his theory of evolution—Natural Selection Natural Selection There is variation within populations Some variations are favorable [favorable variations improve an organism’s ability to function and reproduce in its own particular environment] Not all young produced in each generation can survive Individuals that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations Rate of Evolution Gradualism: states that evolution occurs at a slow, gradual rate this is what Darwin believed Punctuated Equilibrium: states that populations remain genetically stable for long per