Evolution and Natural Selection Schoolwires进化和自然选择schoolwires.pptxVIP

Natural Selection and Evolution Changes in Populations over Time Chapter 22 Objectives 1. Define evolution. 2. Discuss several observations which suggest relatedness between different species. Note observations of both fossil and living organisms. 3. Explain the fundamental principles that form the foundation of Darwin’s Theory. Including: The relationship between population size and famine, disease, . . . Variability of traits within a population Heritability of physical traits The role of environmental factors on the utility of traits Chapter 22 Objectives 4. Explain how the processes of artificial and natural selection can cause changes in a population over time. 5. Discuss the following types of evidence as they relate to the evolutionary view. Give examples: Comparative morphology Comparative embryology/development Comparative biochemistry/genetics Do Populations Evolve? Species can be as much alike as wolves and coyotes, or as different as plants and animals And although plants and animals are superficially very different, at the chemical and cellular level they share a number of similarities Are the similarities superficial or are they the result of ancestral relationships? Are the differences distinct or are they variations on a fundamental theme? Paleontology Studies of fossils show a number of interesting things: Species existed that no longer exist Many organisms that are extinct bear strong resemblance to species that exist today Most species that exist today did not exist at some time in the past Comments on the Scientific Method The nature of a hypothesis is more than just a guess, it must follow a few simple rules: A good hypothesis must be consistent with all available data and observations A good hypothesis should logically extend to accurate predictions of both past and future observations (particularly those that will be the results of controlled experiments) In other words, a good hypothesis shouldn’t jus