ExtraSolar Planets Buffalo State College额外的太阳行星水牛州立大学.pptVIP

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2017-02-14 发布于上海
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ExtraSolar Planets Buffalo State College额外的太阳行星水牛州立大学.ppt

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Extra-Solar Planets Topics in this lecture: Review of planet formation The Habitable Zone Basic properties of discovered exoplanets Hot Jupiters Super-Earths Exoplanet - A large body orbiting a star other than the Sun. How to make a planet Large, cool cloud of gas and dust Gas makes the star, dust is necessary for planet formation Dust is usually made of metals (Fe, Ni, Al), rocks (silicates) and ices (solid H2O, CH4, NH3) Mostly H and He (these two elements make up about 98% of our Solar System) Cloud begins to collapse under its own self-gravity How to make a planet Collapse causes Increase in temperature (conservation of energy) Increase in rate of rotation (conservation of angular momentum) Result is a rapidly rotating disk of gas and dust Again, dust means rocks, metals and ices at sufficient distance from the parent star, hydrogen compounds (H2O, CH4 NH3) are important in formation of giants (Jovian planets are far from the Sun) How to make a planet Accretion Dust grains collide to form larger particles -- Collide small particles to form still larger particles -- Collide large “boulders” to form planetesimals (asteroids, comets, Kuiper Belt Objects)-- collide planetesimals to form planets How to make a planet Nebular Hypothesis Solar Nebula Contraction into rotating disk w/ hot center Dust grains accrete to form larger and larger particles Large particles sweep out more material to form planetesimals Planetesimals eventually collide to form planets The Habitable Zone The region around a star within which the requisite conditions for the existence of life can be met. Typically these conditions include: Suitable temperature for liquid water Existence of water itself Appropriate cosmo-chemical composition Are there other conditions or different ones? Are these necessary and sufficient conditions for life? The Habitable Zone Depends on: Distance to parent star Type of parent star ATMOSPHERE Albedo Greenhouse effect Dynamics (=atmospheric motions) Overvi