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Genetic Issues for Perinatal Nurses, 3rd Edition The Human Genome Project Began in 1990 as an international consortium, including the NIH and Department of Energy Human genome sequencing announced in 2003, opening a new era in understanding health and illness Continues to address ethical, legal and social implications 夹桶器 汽车尾板 升降平台 Relevance to Nursing All nurses must be competent in genetics and genomics. The Consensus Panel on Genetic/Genomic Nursing Competencies (2006) developed essential genetic/genomic nursing competencies and curricula guidelines. Several nursing organizations have published practice guidelines related to genetics and genomics. Terminology Genetics— The study of individual genes, including the impact of individual genes on relatively rare disorders. Genomics—The study of all genes in the human genome, including the study of interactions among genes and interactions between genes and the environment (Guttmacher Collins, 2002) Terminology (Continued) Genetic counseling—A communication process that deals with human problems associated with the occurrence, or the risk of occurrence, of a genetic disorder in a family (American Society of Human Genetics, 1975). Genetic evaluation—Broader than genetic counseling; includes information gathering, information sharing and value-neutral counseling. Terminology (Continued) Informed consent—The process of communication between a client and a health care provider that results in the client’s authorization or agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention (American Medical Association, 2009). Genetics Health Professionals Medical geneticists—MD or PhD degree with advanced training in genetics Physicians—Certification available from the American Board of Medical Genetics Genetic counselors—Master’s degree; certification available from the American Board of Genetic Counseling DNA Structure and Replication DNA provides the codes for proteins. It is a double helix made of two strands held together wit